A prostate biopsy may be recommended when your healthcare provider identifies findings that require further evaluation. Common reasons include an elevated or concerning PSA blood test, an abnormal digital rectal examination, or suspicious areas identified through prostate imaging such as an MRI. A biopsy allows tissue from the prostate to be examined directly by a pathologist.
The results can help determine whether cancer cells are present and, when cancer is identified, provide information that helps your urology team understand its characteristics. Your provider will review your individual results with you and discuss appropriate next steps based on your diagnosis and overall health.
During a prostate biopsy, your provider uses a specialized needle to obtain several small tissue samples from the prostate. Depending on your situation, the biopsy may be performed through the rectum or through the perineum, the area of skin between the scrotum and anus. Ultrasound or MRI-based imaging may be used to help guide the procedure and target areas that need evaluation.
You may receive local anesthetic or another form of medication to help minimize discomfort, depending on the type of biopsy being performed. Some temporary soreness, mild discomfort, or bleeding in the urine, stool, or semen can occur afterward. Your provider will give you specific aftercare instructions and explain when you should contact the office.
Preparation varies depending on the type of biopsy and your individual medical history. Your provider may ask about medications, allergies, supplements, and any history of bleeding problems. Certain blood-thinning medications or other medicines that increase bleeding risk may need to be adjusted before the procedure, but you should never stop a prescribed medication without specific instructions from your healthcare provider.
You may also be instructed to use an enema, take antibiotics, or follow specific eating and drinking instructions before the procedure. Your care team will provide personalized preparation instructions so you know exactly what to do before your appointment.
Some men experience temporary soreness or small amounts of blood in the urine, semen, or stool after a biopsy. These effects are generally temporary, but the duration can vary. Your provider will explain what is expected during recovery and provide instructions for returning to your normal activities.
Although complications are uncommon, infection, difficulty urinating, or significant bleeding can occur. Contact your healthcare provider promptly if you develop fever or chills, severe pain, significant bleeding, burning or difficulty with urination, or other concerning symptoms following the procedure.
